Incazelo evamile
I-fluid, njengoba negama lisho, ibonakala ngokukwazi kwayo ukugeleza.Ihluka kulokho okuqinile ngoba ihlushwa ukuguquguquka ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwe-shear, noma ngabe kuncane kangakanani ukucindezeleka kwe-shear.Umbandela kuphela ukuthi kufanele kudlule isikhathi esanele ukuze ukuguqulwa kwenzeke.Ngalo mqondo uketshezi alunasimo.
Uketshezi lungahlukaniswa lube uketshezi namagesi.Uketshezi lucindezelwa kancane kuphela futhi kukhona indawo ekhululekile lapho lufakwa emkhunjini ovulekile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igesi ihlale ikhula ukuze igcwalise isiqukathi sayo.Umhwamuko yigesi eseduze nendawo ewuketshezi.
Uketshezi unjiniyela akhathazeke ngalo ngokuyinhloko ngamanzi.Ingase iqukathe kufika kumaphesenti amathathu omoya esixazululweni lapho ukucindezela kwe-sub-atmospheric kuvame ukukhululwa.Kufanele kuhlinzekwe lokhu lapho kuklanywa amaphampu, ama-valve, amapayipi, njll.
Injini kadizili i-Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Pump Iphampu yokudonsa Lolu hlobo lwepompo lokudonsa amanzi oluma mpo lusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumpompa okungagqwali, izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-60 °C, okuqinile okumisiwe (okungafaki i-fiber, amagrits) ngaphansi kuka-150 mg/L okuqukethwe indle noma amanzi angcolile.Iphampu yamanzi yohlobo lwe-VTP eqondile ikuhlobo lwe-VTP lwamaphampu amanzi aqondile, futhi ngesisekelo sokwanda kanye nokhololo, setha ukugcotshwa kukawoyela weshubhu kungamanzi.Ingabhema izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-60 °C, ithumele ukuqukatha okusanhlamvu okuqinile okuthile (okufana nensimbi eyizilahlwa nesihlabathi esicolekileyo, amalahle, njll.) yendle noma amanzi alahlwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko ezibonakalayo zoketshezi zichazwa kanje:
Ukuminyana (ρ)
Ukuminyana koketshezi ubukhulu bayo ngeyunithi ngayinye.Kuhlelo lwe-SI ivezwa njenge-kg/m3.
Amanzi asesilinganisweni esiphezulu se-1000 kg/m3ngo 4°C.Kukhona ukwehla kancane kokuminyana ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kodwa ngokwezinjongo ezingokoqobo ukuminyana kwamanzi kungu-1000 kg/m3.
Ukuminyana okuhlobene isilinganiso sokuminyana koketshezi namanzi.
Isisindo esiqondile (w)
Isisindo esithile soketshezi yisisindo salo ngeyunithi ngayinye.Kusistimu ye-Si, ivezwa ngo-N/m3.Emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, w ngu-9810 N/m3noma 9,81 kN/m3(cishe 10 kN/m3 ukuze kube lula ukubala).
Amandla adonsela phansi athile (SG)
Amandla adonsela phansi athile oketshezi isilinganiso sesisindo somthamo onikeziwe woketshezi nesisindo sevolumu efanayo yamanzi.Ngakho futhi isilinganiso sokuminyana koketshezi nokuminyana kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ngokuvamile wonke ku-15°C.
Vacuum iphampu yephuzu lomthombo
Inombolo Model: TWP
Uchungechunge lwe-TWP Injini ye-Movable Diesel Engine ezenzelayo Iphuzu Lamanzi Amaphampu ezimo eziphuthumayo ahlanganiswe aklanywa i-DRAKOS PUMP yaseSingapore kanye nenkampani ye-REEOFLO yaseJalimane.Lolu chungechunge lwephampu lungathwala zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezihlanzekile, ezingathathi hlangothi kanye nezibolayo eziqukethe izinhlayiya.Xazulula amaphutha amaningi ephampu azilungisayo.Lolu hlobo lwe-self-priming futha isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sokugijima esomile sizoqalisa futhi siqalise kabusha ngaphandle koketshezi ekuqaleni kokuqala, Ikhanda lokumunca lingaba ngaphezu kuka-9 m;Umklamo omuhle kakhulu we-hydraulic kanye nesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sigcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngaphezu kwama-75%.Nokufakwa kwesakhiwo okuhlukile kokuzikhethela.
Imoduli yenqwaba (k)
noma izinjongo ezingokoqobo, uketshezi lungathathwa njengolungenakucindezelwa.Kodwa-ke, kunezimo ezithile, njengokugeleza okungazinzile kumapayipi, lapho ukucindezela kufanele kucatshangelwe.I-modulus eyinqwaba yokunwebeka,k, inikezwa ngu:
lapho i-p iwukukhuphuka kwengcindezi okuthi, uma isetshenziswa kuvolumu V, ibangele ukwehla kwevolumu ye-AV.Njengoba ukwehla kwevolumu kufanele kuhlotshaniswe nokwenyuka ngokulinganayo kokuminyana, Isibalo 1 singase sivezwe ngokuthi:
noma amanzi,k acishe abe ngu-2 150 MPa emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile nezingcindezi.Lokhu kulandela ukuthi amanzi acishe acindezeleke izikhathi eziyikhulu kunensimbi.
Uketshezi olufanele
Uketshezi olulungile noma oluphelele yilolo lapho kungekho khona ukucindezelwa kwe-tangential noma kwe-shear phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziwuketshezi.Amandla ahlala esebenza ngokujwayelekile esigabeni futhi anqunyelwe ingcindezi namandla okusheshisa.Alukho uketshezi lwangempela oluvumelana ngokugcwele nalo mqondo, futhi kukho konke uketshezi olunyakazayo kukhona ukucindezeleka okunamandla okunomthelela odambisayo ekunyakazeni.Kodwa-ke, okunye uketshezi, okuhlanganisa namanzi, kuseduze noketshezi olufanele, futhi lokhu kucabangela okwenziwe lula kwenza izindlela zezibalo noma zegraphical zamukelwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile zokugeleza.
Iphampu yomlilo ye-Turbine emile
Inombolo Model:XBC-VTP
I-XBC-VTP Series amaphampu okucisha umlilo amile kushaft eside awuchungechunge lwesiteji esisodwa, amaphampu okukhipha amanzi esiteji amaningi, akhiwe ngokuvumelana ne-National Standard GB6245-2006 yakamuva.Siphinde sathuthukisa idizayini ngereferensi yezinga le-United States Fire Protection Association.Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi omlilo ku-petrochemical, igesi yemvelo, imboni yamandla, indwangu kakotini, i-wharf, izindiza, indawo yokugcina impahla, izakhiwo eziphakeme nezinye izimboni.Ingasebenza futhi emkhunjini, ithangi lasolwandle, umkhumbi wezicishamlilo nezinye izikhathi zokuhlinzeka.
I-Viscosity
I-viscosity yoketshezi iyisilinganiso sokumelana kwayo nengcindezi ye-tangential noma ye-shear.Kuvela ekusebenzelaneni nasekuhlanganeni kwama-athomu uketshezi.Zonke uketshezi lwangempela zine-viscosity, noma ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.Ingcindezi yokugunda kokuqinile ilingana nobunzima kanti ingcindezi yokugunda oketshezini ilingana nezinga lobunzima bokugunda. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi angeke kube khona ukucindezelwa kokugunda oketshezini olupholile.
Fig.1.Viscous deformation
Cabanga ngoketshezi oluvalekile phakathi kwamapuleti amabili aqhelelene ngebanga elifushane kakhulu (Fig. 1).Ipuleti elingezansi limile kuyilapho ipuleti elingaphezulu lihamba ngesivinini v. Ukunyakaza okuwuketshezi kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka ochungechungeni lwezendlalelo ezincane ngokungenamkhawulo noma ama-laminae, akhululekile ukuslayidela enye phezu kolunye.Akukho-cross-flow noma isiphithiphithi.Isendlalelo esincikene nepuleti elimile siphumule kuyilapho isendlalelo esincikene nepuleti elinyakazayo sinesivinini v. Izinga lokugunda kokugunda noma i-velocity gradient yi-dv/dy.I-viscosity eguquguqukayo noma, kalula, i-viscosity μ inikezwa ngu
Ukuze:
Lesi sisho sengcindezi ye-viscous saqale sathunyelwa ngu-Newton futhi saziwa ngokuthi i-equation ka-Newton ye-viscosity.Cishe zonke uketshezi zine-coefficient engaguquki yokulinganisa futhi zibizwa ngokuthi uketshezi lwe-Newtonian.
Fig.2.Ubudlelwano phakathi kwengcindezi yokugunda kanye nezinga lobunzima bokugunda.
Umfanekiso 2 uwumfanekiso oyingcaca we-Equation 3 futhi ubonisa ukuziphatha okuhlukile kokuqinile noketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokugunda.
I-viscosity iboniswa ngama-centipoises (Pa.s noma Ns/m2).
Ezinkingeni eziningi eziphathelene nokunyakaza koketshezi, i-viscosity ibonakala nokuminyana ngendlela μ/p(ozimele amandla) futhi kulula ukusebenzisa igama elilodwa v, elaziwa ngokuthi i-kinematic viscosity.
Inani lika-ν kuwoyela osindayo lingase libe phezulu njengo-900 x 10-6m2/s, kanti emanzini, ane-viscosity ephansi kakhulu, angu-1,14 x 10?m2/s kuphela ku-15° C. I-kinematic viscosity yoketshezi iyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, i-kinematic viscosity yomoya cishe iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-13 kunamanzi.
Ukuqina kobuso kanye ne-capillarity
Qaphela:
Ukubumbana ukukhanga ama-molecule afanayo anawo komunye nomunye.
I-Adhesion iwukukhanga ama-molecule ahlukene anawo komunye nomunye.
Ukushuba kwendawo kuyindawo ebonakalayo eyenza iconsi lamanzi libanjwe limiswe empompini, umkhumbi ukuthi ugcwaliswe ngoketshezi ngaphezu komphetho kodwa ungachitheki noma inaliti intante phezu koketshezi.Zonke lezi zimo zibangelwa ukuhlangana phakathi kwama-molecule endaweni yoketshezi ehlangana nolunye uketshezi noma igesi engaqondakali.Kunjengokungathi ingaphezulu liqukethe ulwelwesi olunwebekayo, olugcizelelwe ngokufanayo, oluvame ukufinyela endaweni engaphandle.Ngakho sithola ukuthi amabhamuza egesi oketshezini namaconsi omswakama osemkhathini acishe abe yindilinga.
Amandla okucindezela angaphezulu kunoma yimuphi umugqa ocatshangwayo endaweni ekhululekile alingana nobude bomugqa futhi asebenza ngendlela ebheke kuwo.Ingcindezi yangaphezulu ngobude beyunithi ivezwa ngo-mN/m.Ubukhulu bayo buncane kakhulu, bucishe bube ngu-73 mN/m ngamanzi athintana nomoya ekamelweni lokushisa.Kukhona ukwehla kancane amashumi ebusweniikuqhubeke ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.
Ezisetshenziswa eziningi kuma-hydraulics, ukungezwani kwendawo akubalulekile kangako njengoba amandla ahambisanayo ngokuvamile awalutho uma kuqhathaniswa namandla e-hydrostatic kanye namandla aguquguqukayo.Ukushuba kobuso kubaluleke kuphela lapho kukhona indawo ekhululekile futhi izilinganiso zomngcele zincane.Ngakho-ke endabeni yamamodeli we-hydraulic, imiphumela ye-surface tension, engenawo umphumela ku-prototype, ingaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni kokugeleza kumodeli, futhi lo mthombo wephutha ekufanisweni kufanele ucatshangelwe lapho kuchazwa imiphumela.
Imiphumela yokungezwani kwendawo igqame kakhulu esimweni samashubhu emibhobo emincane evuleleke emkhathini.Lezi zingase zithathe amashubhu e-manometer elabhorethri noma ama-pores avulekile emhlabathini.Isibonelo, lapho ithubhu lengilazi elincane licwiliswa emanzini, kuzotholakala ukuthi amanzi akhuphuka ngaphakathi kweshubhu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ingaphezulu lamanzi eshubhu, noma i-meniscus njengoba libizwa kanjalo, ligobhoze liye phezulu.Lesi senzakalo saziwa ngokuthi i-capillarity, futhi ukuxhumana kwe-tangential phakathi kwamanzi nengilazi kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwangaphakathi kwamanzi kungaphansi kokunamathela phakathi kwamanzi nengilazi.Ukucindezela kwamanzi ngaphakathi kweshubhu eliseduze nendawo ekhululekile kungaphansi komkhathi.
Umfanekiso 3. I-Capillarity
I-Mercury iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(b).Njengoba amandla okubumbana emakhulu kunamandla okunamathela, i-engeli yokuxhumana inkulu futhi i-meniscus inobuso obuyi-convex emkhathini futhi icindezelekile.Ingcindezi eseduze nendawo ekhululekile inkulu kune-atmospheric.
Imiphumela ye-Capillarity kuma-manometers nezingilazi zegeji ingase igwenywe ngokusebenzisa amashubhu angekho ngaphansi kuka-10 mm ububanzi.
I-Centrifugal Sea Water Destination Pump
Inombolo Model:ASN ASNV
Amaphampu emodeli ye-ASN kanye ne-ASNV angamaphampu esiteji esisodwa esiphindwe kabili ahlukanisa i-volute casing casing centrifugal futhi asetshenzisiwe noma ezokuthutha eziwuketshezi ukuze asebenze amanzi, ukujikeleza kwe-air-conditioning, isakhiwo, ukuchelela, isiteshi sokumpompa amanzi, isiteshi samandla kagesi, uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ezimbonini, ukulwa nomlilo. uhlelo, umkhumbi, isakhiwo nokunye.
Umfutho we-vapor
Amangqamuzana oketshezi anamandla anele e-kinetic akhishwa emzimbeni omkhulu woketshezi endaweni yalo ekhululekile futhi adlulele emhwamukeni.Umfutho okhishwa yilo mhwamuko waziwa ngokuthi umfutho womhwamuko, P,.Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuhlotshaniswa nokuyaluza okukhulu kwamangqamuzana kanjalo nokwanda komfutho womhwamuko.Lapho umfutho womhwamuko ulingana nomfutho wegesi ongaphezu kwawo, uketshezi luyabila.Umfutho womhwamuko wamanzi ku-15°C ngu-1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).
Umfutho we-atmospheric
Umfutho womkhathi osebusweni bomhlaba ulinganiswa nge-barometer.Ezingeni lolwandle umfutho womoya womkhathi ufinyelela ku-101 kPa futhi ulinganiswa ngaleli nani.Kukhona ukwehla kokucindezela komkhathi ngokuphakama;isibonelo, ku-1 500m yehliswa ibe ngu-88 kPa.Ikholomu yamanzi elinganayo inobude obuyi-10,3 m ezingeni lolwandle, futhi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-barometer yamanzi.Ukuphakama kuyacatshangelwa, njengoba umfutho womhwamuko wamanzi ungavimbela ukutholakala kwe-vacuum ephelele.I-Mercury iyi-liquid ye-barometric ephakeme kakhulu, njengoba inomfutho we-vapor ongenakulinganiswa.Futhi, ukuminyana kwayo okuphezulu kubangela ikholomu yokuphakama okunengqondo - cishe ngamamitha angu-0,75 ezingeni lolwandle.
Njengoba izingcindezi eziningi okuhlangatshezwana nazo kuma-hydraulics zingaphezu komfutho womkhathi futhi zikalwa ngamathuluzi arekhodisha ngokuqhathaniswa, kulula ukubheka ukucindezela komkhathi njenge-datum, okungukuthi ziro.Izingcindezi zibe sezibizwa ngokuthi izingcindezi zegeji uma zingaphezulu kwezingcindezi zomkhathi kanye ne-vacuum lapho zingaphansi kwayo.Uma ingcindezi kaziro yeqiniso ithathwa njenge-datum, izingcindezi kuthiwa ziphelele.ESahlukweni sesi-5 lapho kudingidwa khona i-NPSH, zonke izibalo zivezwe ngokwemibandela ye-barometer yamanzi ngokuphelele, i-esea level = 0 ibha gauge = ibha eli-1 eliphelele =101 kPa=10,3 m amanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-20-2024